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Chromatography is a fundamental technique in chemistry for separating substances based on their differing affinities for a stationary phase and a mobile phase. 

It involves dissolving a mixture in a solvent (mobile phase) that is then passed over or through a material (stationary phase). 

Different components of the mixture will travel through the stationary phase at different rates, leading to their separation. 

Examples include:

Paper chromatography: A simple technique where a drop of solution is placed on a piece of paper, and a solvent moves up the paper, separating the components. 

Gas chromatography: Separates volatile compounds based on their boiling points and interactions with a stationary phase in a column. 

Liquid chromatography: Separates compounds based on their interactions with a stationary phase, often using a liquid mobile phase.